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- **********************************
- * Thioredoxin family active site *
- **********************************
-
- Thioredoxins [1 to 4] are small proteins of approximately one hundred amino-
- acid residues which participate in various redox reactions via the reversible
- oxidation of an active center disulfide bond. They exist in either a reduced
- form or an oxidized form where the two cysteine residues are linked in an
- intramolecular disulfide bond. Thioredoxin is present in prokaryotes and
- eukaryotes and the sequence around the redox-active disulfide bond is well
- conserved. Bacteriophage T4 also encodes for a thioredoxin but its primary
- structure is not homologous to bacterial, plant and vertebrate thioredoxins.
-
- A number of eukaryotic proteins contain domains evolutionary related to
- thioredoxin and are described below:
-
- - Protein disulphide-isomerase (PDI) (EC 5.3.4.1) [5,6], which catalyzes the
- rearrangement of disulfide bonds in various proteins, is a multifunctional
- protein that also function as the beta-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (EC
- 1.14.11.2), as a component of oligosaccharyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.119), as
- thyroxine deiodinase (EC 3.8.1.4), as glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase
- (EC 1.8.4.2), and as a thyroid hormone-binding protein ! The sequence of
- PDI contains two copies of a domain closely related to thioredoxin.
- - Mammalian probable disulfide-isomerase ER-60 [7] (58 Kd microsomal
- protein). ER-60 was originally thought to be a phosphoinositide-specific
- phospholipase C isozyme and later to be a protease. It contains two copies
- of a domain closely related to thioredoxin.
- - Bloodstream-specific protein 2 (BS2) from Trypanosoma brucei [8], a protein
- whose function is not known. BS2 also contains two copies of a thioredoxin-
- like domain.
- - ERp72, an endoplasmic reticulum protein of unknown function [9,10]. ERp72
- contains three copies of a thioredoxin-like domain.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [STA]-x-[WG]-C-[AGV]-[PH]-C
- [The two C's form the redox-active bond]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for Streptomyces aureofaciens thioredoxin which has Gly in the first position
- of the pattern.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: genome polyproteins from various
- isolates of hepatitis C virus.
-
- -Note: this pattern will fail to detect the first thioredoxin-like domain of
- BS2 because the residues in positions 1, 3 and 6 of the pattern are not
- conserved in that domain.
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Holmgren A.
- Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54:237-271(1985).
- [ 2] Gleason F.K., Holmgren A.
- FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 54:271-297(1988).
- [ 3] Holmgren A.
- J. Biol. Chem. 264:13963-13966(1989).
- [ 4] Eklund H., Gleason F.K., Holmgren A.
- Proteins 11:13-28(1991).
- [ 5] Freedman R.B., Hawkins H.C., Murant S.J., Reid L.
- Biochem. Soc. Trans. 16:96-99(1988).
- [ 6] Kivirikko K.I., Myllyla R., Pihlajaniemi T.
- FASEB J. 3:1609-1617(1989).
- [ 7] Srivastava S.P., Chen N.Q., Liu Y.X., Holtzman J.L.
- J. Biol. Chem. 266:20337-20344(1991).
- [ 8] Hsu M.P., Muhich M.L., Boothroyd J.C.
- Biochemistry 28:6440-6446(1989).
- [ 9] Mazzarella R.A., Srinivasan M., Haugejorden S.M., Green M.
- J. Biol. Chem. 265:1094-1101(1990).
- [10] Huang S.-H., Tomich J.M., Wu H., Jong A., Holcenberg J.S.
- J. Biol. Chem. 266:5353-5353(1991).
-